Faktor Risiko Penyelenggaraan Infrastruktur Daerah dengan Skema KPBU Availability Payment
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Abstract
Regional infrastructure is the backbone of the economy and public services, but local governments often face fiscal capacity constraints. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with the Availability Payment (AP) scheme emerges as a solution to overcome the funding gap. However, its implementation at the regional level still faces a high rate of project failures. This study aims to develop a framework of critical risk factors in the implementation of regional PPP AP to improve risk management effectiveness. Using a systematic literature review approach on 38 scientific articles and operational reference documents, the study identifies 35 risk factors categorized into 10 main groups. The analysis results show that the risk landscape of regional PPP AP is dominated by governance and institutional challenges, with three main vulnerable areas: (1) AP Payment Risk (uncertainty of government commitment and fiscal capacity), (2) Political Risk (policy instability due to local political dynamics), and (3) Interface Risk (limitations in government coordination capacity and human resources). The framework provides a foundational tool for stakeholders to develop risk mitigation strategies and practical guidelines, supporting more effective and sustainable regional infrastructure development.
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How to Cite
Sari, D., Tamin, R. Z., Mahani, I., & Wibowo, A. (2026). Faktor Risiko Penyelenggaraan Infrastruktur Daerah dengan Skema KPBU Availability Payment. Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil, 15(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v15i1.637
References
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[6] F. R. Putri, B. Susanti, and M. F. Toyfur, “Identifikasi Risiko Kritis Yang Memengaruhi Aspek Finansial Proyek KPBU Jalan Tol,” Jurnal Teknik Sipil, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 20–33, 2023.
[7] I. Mahani, R. Z. Tamin, R. G. Pradoto, and M. Meifrinaldi, “Kajian Penerapan Kerjasama Pemerintah Daerah Badan Usaha(KPDBU) dalam Penyelenggaraan Infrastruktur,” JTS ITB, vol. 29, no. 3, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.5614/jts.2022.29.3.12.
[8] L. M. Sastoque, C. A. Arboleda, and J. L. Ponz, “A Proposal for Risk Allocation in Social Infrastructure Projects Applying PPP in Colombia,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 145, pp. 1354–1361, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.174.
[9] M. Nahdi, N. Widayati, M. A. Wibowo, E. M. Sari, R. Z. Tamin, and A. Thohirin, “A Study PPP in Indonesia Government Project : Solisated Model,” Buildings, vol. 14, 2024.
[10] K. Almarri and B. Abu-Hijleh, “Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnerships in the UAE Construction Industry- A Comparative Analysis between the UAE and the UK,” Journal of Engineering, 2017.
[11] Y. Rony and Suyatno, “Kerjasama Investasi Antara Pemerintah Dengan Badan Usaha Dalam Mendorong Pembangunan Infrastruktur Di Daerah,” Jurnal Intelek dan Cendikiawan Nusantara, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 2036–2047, 2024.
[12] R. Osei-Kyei and A. P. C. Chan, “Empirical comparison of critical success factors for public-private partnerships in developing and developed countries: A case of Ghana and Hong Kong,” ECAM, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1222–1245, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1108/ECAM-06-2016-0144.
[13] K. M. Mazher et al., “Identifying Measures of Effective Risk Management for Public–Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 14149, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su142114149.
[14] K. H. Sutantiningrum and S. R. L. Utami, “Analisis Risiko Proyek KPBU SPAM Regional Wosusokas Provinsi Jawa Tengah - Perspektif Pemerintah,” Jurnal Presipitasi, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 186–195, 2019.
[15] K. H. Sutantiningrum and J. U. D. Hatmoko, “Opsi KPBU Proyek SPAM Regional Keburejo Provinsi Jawa Tengah: Pendekatan Manajemen Risiko,” MKTS, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 69–80, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.14710/mkts.v25i1.19450.
[16] A. Aswanto and A. Wibowo, “Eksplorasi Interdependensi Faktor - Faktor Risiko pada Proyek KPBU Jalan Tol menggunakan Intrerpretive Structural Modeling,” JTS ITB, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 289–302, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.5614/jts.2022.29.3.11.
[17] Direktorat Utama Riset dan Pengembangan, “Kajian pembiayaan infrastruktur melalui skema kerjasama pemerintah badan usaha,” Subdirektorat Riset dan Pengembangan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, Direktorat Riset dan Pengembangan, Government Document, 2018.
[18] N. Handayani, A. Wibowo, and W. Santosa, “Skema Alokasi Risiko Permintaan Yang Optimal Pada Investasi Jalan Tol Di Indonesia,” HPJI, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 67–82, 2023.
[19] Kementerian Keuangan, “Peran PT Penjaminan Infrastruktur Indonesia (Persero) dalam meminimalisasi risiko fiskal atas kewajiban kontinjensi pemerintah ndonesia yang timbul dari proyek infrastruktur.” Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Agustus 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/artikel/baca/11077/Peran-PT-Penjaminan-Infrastruktur-Indonesia-Persero-Dalam-Meminimalisasi-Risiko-Fiskal-Atas-Kewajiban-Kontinjensi-Pemerintah-Indonesia-Yang-Timbul-Dari-Proyek-Infrastruktur.html
[20] J. U. D. Hatmoko and R. Susanti, “Risk Management of West Semarang Water Supply PPP Project: Public Sector Perspective,” presented at the The 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER), Civil Engineering Department, ITS Sukolilo Campus: Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Apr. 2017, pp. 48–56. doi: 10.12962/j23546026.y2017i1.2191.
[21] E. Jokar, B. Aminnejad, and A. Lork, “Assessing and Prioritizing Risks in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects Using the Integration of Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods,” Operations Research Perspectives, vol. 8, pp. 1–20, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.orp.2021.100190.
[22] Kementerian PPN/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), "PPP Book Tahun 2021". Jakarta, 2021.
[2] N. Rasheed, W. Shahzad, M. Khalfan, and J. Rotimi, “Risk Identification, Assessment, and Allocation in PPP Projects: A Systematic Review,” Buildings, vol. 12, no. 1109, pp. 1–19, July 2022, doi: 10.3390/buildings12081109.
[3] B. F. Said, I. Mahani, E. R. Puri, and R. G. K. P., “Manajemen Risiko Pada Skema KPBU Preservasi Jalan Nasional Lintas Timur Sumatera Di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan,” Cerdika: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 2878–2890, 2025.
[4] S. H. Khahro, T. H. Ali, S. Hassan, N. Y. Zainun, Y. Javed, and S. A. Memon, “Risk Severity Matrix for Sustainable Public-Private Partnership Projects in Developing Countries,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 3292, pp. 1–15, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13063292.
[5] O. Purwanti, Daliman, and Herman, “Analisis Penilaian Risiko Program Kerjasama Pemerintah Badan Usaha (KPBU) pada Infrastruktur Jalan Tol,” RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknik Sipil, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22–31, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.
[6] F. R. Putri, B. Susanti, and M. F. Toyfur, “Identifikasi Risiko Kritis Yang Memengaruhi Aspek Finansial Proyek KPBU Jalan Tol,” Jurnal Teknik Sipil, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 20–33, 2023.
[7] I. Mahani, R. Z. Tamin, R. G. Pradoto, and M. Meifrinaldi, “Kajian Penerapan Kerjasama Pemerintah Daerah Badan Usaha(KPDBU) dalam Penyelenggaraan Infrastruktur,” JTS ITB, vol. 29, no. 3, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.5614/jts.2022.29.3.12.
[8] L. M. Sastoque, C. A. Arboleda, and J. L. Ponz, “A Proposal for Risk Allocation in Social Infrastructure Projects Applying PPP in Colombia,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 145, pp. 1354–1361, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.174.
[9] M. Nahdi, N. Widayati, M. A. Wibowo, E. M. Sari, R. Z. Tamin, and A. Thohirin, “A Study PPP in Indonesia Government Project : Solisated Model,” Buildings, vol. 14, 2024.
[10] K. Almarri and B. Abu-Hijleh, “Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnerships in the UAE Construction Industry- A Comparative Analysis between the UAE and the UK,” Journal of Engineering, 2017.
[11] Y. Rony and Suyatno, “Kerjasama Investasi Antara Pemerintah Dengan Badan Usaha Dalam Mendorong Pembangunan Infrastruktur Di Daerah,” Jurnal Intelek dan Cendikiawan Nusantara, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 2036–2047, 2024.
[12] R. Osei-Kyei and A. P. C. Chan, “Empirical comparison of critical success factors for public-private partnerships in developing and developed countries: A case of Ghana and Hong Kong,” ECAM, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1222–1245, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1108/ECAM-06-2016-0144.
[13] K. M. Mazher et al., “Identifying Measures of Effective Risk Management for Public–Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 14149, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su142114149.
[14] K. H. Sutantiningrum and S. R. L. Utami, “Analisis Risiko Proyek KPBU SPAM Regional Wosusokas Provinsi Jawa Tengah - Perspektif Pemerintah,” Jurnal Presipitasi, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 186–195, 2019.
[15] K. H. Sutantiningrum and J. U. D. Hatmoko, “Opsi KPBU Proyek SPAM Regional Keburejo Provinsi Jawa Tengah: Pendekatan Manajemen Risiko,” MKTS, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 69–80, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.14710/mkts.v25i1.19450.
[16] A. Aswanto and A. Wibowo, “Eksplorasi Interdependensi Faktor - Faktor Risiko pada Proyek KPBU Jalan Tol menggunakan Intrerpretive Structural Modeling,” JTS ITB, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 289–302, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.5614/jts.2022.29.3.11.
[17] Direktorat Utama Riset dan Pengembangan, “Kajian pembiayaan infrastruktur melalui skema kerjasama pemerintah badan usaha,” Subdirektorat Riset dan Pengembangan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, Direktorat Riset dan Pengembangan, Government Document, 2018.
[18] N. Handayani, A. Wibowo, and W. Santosa, “Skema Alokasi Risiko Permintaan Yang Optimal Pada Investasi Jalan Tol Di Indonesia,” HPJI, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 67–82, 2023.
[19] Kementerian Keuangan, “Peran PT Penjaminan Infrastruktur Indonesia (Persero) dalam meminimalisasi risiko fiskal atas kewajiban kontinjensi pemerintah ndonesia yang timbul dari proyek infrastruktur.” Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Agustus 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/artikel/baca/11077/Peran-PT-Penjaminan-Infrastruktur-Indonesia-Persero-Dalam-Meminimalisasi-Risiko-Fiskal-Atas-Kewajiban-Kontinjensi-Pemerintah-Indonesia-Yang-Timbul-Dari-Proyek-Infrastruktur.html
[20] J. U. D. Hatmoko and R. Susanti, “Risk Management of West Semarang Water Supply PPP Project: Public Sector Perspective,” presented at the The 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER), Civil Engineering Department, ITS Sukolilo Campus: Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Apr. 2017, pp. 48–56. doi: 10.12962/j23546026.y2017i1.2191.
[21] E. Jokar, B. Aminnejad, and A. Lork, “Assessing and Prioritizing Risks in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects Using the Integration of Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods,” Operations Research Perspectives, vol. 8, pp. 1–20, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.orp.2021.100190.
[22] Kementerian PPN/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), "PPP Book Tahun 2021". Jakarta, 2021.
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